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A quarterly newsletter for Sierrans interested in problems posed by the escalating accumulation of nuclear waste. Compiled, condensed, and edited by Ellen Winchester for the Sierra Club National Nuclear Waste Task Force, tel. 904-576-0954, <winchester@ocean.fsu.edu>. Comments and contribution of items are welcomed. So are calls and letters to legislators and the White House. The Capitol Switchboard is 202-224-3121. The White House Comment Line is 202- 456-1111. Its e-mail address is <president@whitehouse.gov>.
Domestic USA Military and High Level Waste Issues, a Federal Responsibility SCIENCE BASED STOCKPILE STEWARDSHIP (SBSS) WILL KEEP US WARHEAD DESIGNERS BUSY and maintain the Nevada Test Site in a state of permanent readiness to resume testing should the United States decide to withdraw from the CTB. DOE says the new facilities are justified on the basis of ensuring the continued "safety and reliability" of the nuclear weapons arsenal as it ages. Questions arise about whether DOE's strict definition of reliability only seems relevant if the purpose of the nuclear arsenal is to issue a first strike to destroy an adversary's nuclear arsenal and is not relevant to a deterrence strategy based on retaliation in response to a nuclear attack. (Science for Democratic Action, 6/96) OAK RIDGE STILL BUILDING PARTS FOR AS MANY AS 70 NUCLEAR BOMBS A YEAR. DOE declared in 1992 that it was no longer building parts for nuclear weapons. It claims bombs being made now don't count because they aren't "new" weapons-- they are upgrades or modifications of old weapons, or design changes for research and test purposes. (Oak Ridge Environmental Peace Alliance, 6/96) SEAWOLF RETURNS TO GROTON TO BIG WELCOME FROM ELECTRIC BOAT WORKERS. The nuclear powered $2 billion Seawolf differs from others because of its stealth capabilities. Next year EB expects to complete the second Seawolf and has been awarded a $1.1 billion contract for a third. Electric Boat has already received a design contract for a new generation submarine known as the New Attack Submarine and expects to be awarded money in 1998 for construction of the first boat. (Soundings, 7/10/96) FEDERAL SPENDING FOR THE ADVANCED LIGHT WATER REACTOR (ALWR) PROGRAM CONTINUES. Both the House and Senate defeated efforts to end it although votes were close. Prior to the floor votes the House Energy and Water Appropriations Subcommittee had reduced funding from the $40 million requested by DOE to $17 million. [Molly Ivins says this is a classic case of government subsidizing something that we don't need and don't want and that doesn't work] The House also voted 2-1 to continue funding for pyroprocessing--a new name for reprocessing. (The Nuclear Monitor 7/96) THE SENATE WIN ON "MOBILE CHERNOBYL BILL" S. 1936, ALSO KNOWN AS THE NUCLEAR WASTE POLICY ACT OF 1996, IS THREE VOTES SHORT OF OVERRIDING A PROMISED PRESIDENTIAL VETO--BUT DON'T RELAX YET. H.R. 1020, the House counterpart, or S. 1936 as a substitute, may still be considered by the House when it returns in September, and changes may be made. The result would go to a House-Senate conference committee. There is little hope this process would change the aim of S.1936 to send 15,000 truck and rail containers of high-level nuclear waste across 43 states to Nevada for so called "interim storage" on the surface near Yucca Mt. The bill would preempt local state and federal laws (except the Atomic Energy Act) that provide many environmental and health protections not included in the new law. (Nuclear Information and Resource Service <nirsnet@igc.apc.org> 8/6/96) APPEALS COURT RULING TELLING DOE TO TAKE SPENT FUEL BY '98 DOES NOT TELL ALL. Nothing in the ruling directs the government to slash environmental standards or force a dump on Nevada. Indeed, building interim storage in Nevada or, in the case of every other state, before a license is issued for a permanent facility would violate existing law. Most importantly, the ruling acknowledges the fact that the government is not required to take title to irradiated fuel until a disposal capacity for the materials exists. "Disposal," as defined by current law and cited by the judges, is "emplacement in a repository of...spent nuclear fuel...with no foreseeable intent of recovery." The panel wrote "it is not unusual, particularly in the nuclear area, to recognize a division between ownership of materials and other obligations relating to such materials." In other words, taxpayers need not shoulder the liability for these materials until a long-term plan is in place. S.1936, however, transfers title and liability to the taxpayer beginning in 1999. (Michael Grynberg, Critical Mass Energy Project, <grynberg@Citizen.ORG> 8/2/96) GOV. EXPERTS WARN NUCLEAR SITES FACE RISKS FROM NATURAL DISASTERS. A major earthquake could make major problems, including possible off-site radioactivity releases. While the greatest danger is seismic, volcanic eruptions and flooding in the West and Northwest, direct hits by cyclones in "Tornado Alley" plants and lightning strikes in Texas and the Southwest all pose threats. Government consultants say that in the Yucca Mt, Nev., proposed waste repository site, magma from volcanic activity could ascend directly through the repository. But most vulnerabilities are man made because of hasty construction in the 1940's and 50's. (The Virginia-Pilot, 7/15/96) AIR FORCE WEIGHS IN YUCCA MT. DUMP PROTEST. The proposed transportation route goes through the training range at Nellis Air Force Base, and air force officials have warned Congress that any plan curtailing flights could threaten national security. Bob Louix of Nevada's nuclear waste office says, "Fighter bombers with live ordnance and nuclear waste spell conflict in my mind." (Newsweek, 6/10/96) NUCLEAR ENERGY, SOLUTION TO GLOBAL WARMING? The Nuclear Energy Institute, Washington, DC, in a May 1996 report "Impact of Nuclear Energy on World Electric Utility Fuel Use and Atmospheric Emissions: 1973-1993," argues that fission reactors do not release carbon dioxide and should be our preferred energy source instead of oil, coal and natural gas. However, the Institute does not point out several limitations: Nuclear reactors are only used for producing electricity, still not more than 1/8 of current world energy end use, mainly for industrial and residential/commercial use but not appreciably for transportation. In practice, for uranium isotope enrichment the nuclear fuel cycle still relies on considerable amounts of electricity generated mainly by fossil fuels. Especially troubling is the plutonium produced as a byproduct in nuclear power reactors. It currently accounts for about 80% of the world's plutonium inventory, virtually all of it potentially suitable for making nuclear weapons and a major concern of our international institutions for safeguarding fissile materials. Finally, in normal operation U.S. nuclear power reactors generate most of the "low level" radioactive waste states are currently obliged to store somewhere. Medical, industrial, and laboratory wastes are relatively minor in amount. The storage of low level waste, unlike high level waste from spent fuel, is not a Federal responsibility. The May 1996 NEI report is deficient in not reporting limitations and trade-offs that must be made for an increase in our reliance on nuclear energy to solve the problem of global warming. (John W. Winchester, 8/13/96) TWO UTILITY HEADS TURN DOWN OPPORTUNITY TO MAKE TRITIUM AND USE MOX. Refusals from the Presidents of Virginia Power and Florida Power and Light's Nuclear Division subtract two utilities (that we know of) from the initial list of 23 interested in DOE's "preliminary query regarding the potential use of mixed oxide fuel fabricated from surplus weapons plutonium." Such use would encourage reprocessing and potentially lead to nuclear proliferation. Seventeen utilities initially expressed interest in DOE's companion proposal to make tritium in a commercial reactor. Tritium has a short half life of 12.3 years and is a necessary component of both fission and hydrogen bombs. Salvaging it from the thousands of warheads currently being decommissioned could allow for a much longer delay in the need than DOE projects. In the meantime accelerator research may prove it a better alternative. Better yet, if the U.S. and other weapons states honor their commitment to nuclear disarmament under the Non-Proliferation Treaty, we can forget about making tritium for weapons use! (J.T. Rhodes, President of Virginia Power, 7/2/96; Thomas F. Plunkett, President Nuclear Division Florida Power & Light Co., 7/29/96; Disarmament Times, 7/95; Science for Democratic Action, Winter 96) WASTE ISOLATION PILOT PLANT (WIPP) TO BECOME PERMANENT TRU BURIAL PROJECT? The Senate Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Withdrawal Amendment Act, part of the Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, in effect answers "Yes." The amendments, if they become law, would remove requirements that transuranic waste be retrievable and would remove all enforcement power of EPA to assure that DOE submit proof of compliance, submit a remedial plan if requested, or follow a remedial plan once submitted. Also, the amendments set an arbitrary date of November 30, 1997 to begin emplacement, tremendously rushing EPA in its review of DOE's compliance application. Once the waste is buried, EPA would be powerless to demand compliance or to end the project. (Citizens for Alternatives to Radioactive Dumping and the New Mexico Chapter of the National Lawyers Guild, 7/16/96) ACTOR BRUCE WILLIS PUTS UP MORE THAN $25,000 FOR IDAHO ANTI-WASTE INITIATIVE on the November ballot. It opposes Gov. Phil Batt's agreement with the Federal Government that it can continue shipping spent nuclear fuel to the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) as long as the processing procedure is sharply speeded up and an intensive search is made for new, out- of-state storage sites. (NYTimes, 7/7/96) PLUTONIUM BLUES: DOE IS ALREADY PLANNING TO BRING MORE NUCLEAR WASTE TO IDAHO as part of its plan to "dispose" of all its surplus nuclear bomb-grade plutonium. DOE is considering burning the Pu in a reactor (causing more spent fuel to be generated), reprocessing it (producing more high level waste) or burying it in a "deep bore-hole." (Snake River Alliance Bulletin, Spring '96) PROMINENT NEWSPAPERS RAISE SCARY QUESTIONS ABOUT NUKE POWER/NUKE WEAPONS PRODUCTION. The Christian Science Monitor's four articles by Peter N. Spotts report that NRC inspectors may too often be willing to take a utility's word that it is addressing troubling problems, instead of doing inspections at the plant or verifying the problems are fixed. Higher-level NRC managers sometimes downgrade the severity of safety problems. The agency is too slow to act when confronting potentially dangerous problems that could affect plants using similar reactor designs. NRC inspectors who persist in pressing safety issues have been subjected to harassment and intimidation by their supervisors. (CSM, June 4, 11, 18, 25, 1996) The Washington Post (weekly edition), July 8-14, captioned a study of Hanford "The Dark Side of Paradise." Written by Blaine Harden, it followed a rhapsodic description of the Columbia River with this subhead, "In their rush to produce fuel for weapons of mass destruction, plutonium makers at Hanford dumped 440 billion gallons of contaminated liquid into the sandy soil, enough to flood Manhattan to a depth of 80 feet." Harden reports that "the plutonium factory made a practice of poisoning its downwind and downstream neighbors. High atmospheric releases of radiation, all of them secret and some of them deliberate occurred throughout the second half of the 1940's and early 1950's." [Would we ever do this again?] NRC FINDS MILLSTONE REFUELING PRACTICE AT 14 OTHER PLANTS. As reported by Time Magazine on March 4, the Millstone 1 nuclear power plant in Waterford, CT, was moving all of its spent-fuel assemblies into a storage pool during refueling, instead of the designated one-third. Too many assemblies in the pool, especially those recently removed from a reactor, could generate enough heat to boil away cooling water, causing the fuel to melt down, escape from the reactor and release radioactivity into the atmosphere. An NRC survey found the following committing the same error: Cooper in Brownville, NE; McGuire 1 and 2 in Cowans Ford Dam, SC; Oconee 1,2,and 3 in Lake Keowee, SC; North Anna 1 and 2 in Mineral, VA; South Texas 1 and 2 in Matagorda County, TX; Summer in Jenkinsville, SC; Turkey Point 3 and 4 near Miami, FL; and the Vogtle plant in Waynesboro, GA. All have promised to study their fuel pools and if they are overheating to do better. In the meantime the NRC announced the Waterford plant will not be allowed to resume operating until an independent team verifies that safety problems have been corrected. (Greenwire, 5/26/96; NYTimes, 8/7/96) FEDERAL JUDGE THROWS OUT 2,000 DAMAGE CLAIMS AGAINST THREE MILE ISLAND, says plaintiffs offered a "paucity of proof" in support of their cases. The area residents asserted that radiation had caused health problems like leukemia and other cancers. A combination of mechanical and human failures allowed the Unit 2 reactor to lose cooling water in March 1979. Part of the core melted and some radioactive gases were released. (NYTimes 6/9/96) WISCONSIN PSC APPROVES WISCONSIN ELECTRIC POWER CO. PLANS TO STORE SPENT FUEL from the Point Beach Nuclear Power Station in concrete silos near the plant and also authorized replacement of steam generators at Unit 2. The PSC was forced to take up the dry cask storage application again after Judge Mark Frankel determined that its original order last December was fatally deficient. Public interest organizations that had participated in the steam generator and dry cask storage remand hearings are contemplating another legal challenge. (Michael Vickerman, Political Chair, John Muir Chapter, Sierra Club) SPENT FUEL TO BE SHIPPED TO U.S. On May 13 Energy Secretary O'Leary announced an agreement that will allow 41 countries to ship 20 metric tons of spent nuclear fuel to the United States for storage and disposal. The shipments are scheduled to start this summer and continue for the next 13 years. The fuel was originally sent abroad by the U.S. government for use in foreign research reactors under the Atoms for Peace Program launched by the Eisenhower administration in the 1950's. About 19 tons of the spent fuel will be sent to the Energy Department's Savannah River plant, based in South Carolina. The rest will be stored at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. (Washington Post, 5/14/96) MESCALEROS BREAK OFF DUMP TALKS WITH UTILITIES LED BY NORTHERN STATES POWER. The consortium's effort to build a "temporary" high-level nuclear waste dump on Mescalero land has been highly controversial among the Mescaleros. A January, 1995, vote rejected it, and another, disputed vote in March, 1995 approved it. The tribe has received several hundred thousand dollars for its participation in the project thus far; it stood to make millions if the project continued. (The Nuclear Monitor, May 1996) DOWN THE ROAD DECOMMISSIONED FL POWER PLANT WASTE MAY HAVE NO PLACE TO GO. Like other commercial nuclear power plant operators, Florida Power and Light has paid hefty fees to DOE in return for promises that it would take the utility's spent fuel. But the promises have not been kept. Now the Crystal River plant's storage pools are half-full and utility officials say room will run out by 2010, six years ahead of schedule. The on-site nuclear waste would make decommissioning costs rise to 1.7 billion. (Florida Environment, 6/96) Low Level Waste Issues, a State Responsibility STATES KEEP SEARCHING FOR LOW-LEVEL WASTE SITES. 14 states have spent $400 million trying to establish low-level waste dumps, but none have been built in 25 years. Since the cost of building a repository has quadrupled to $100 million, it is unlikely facilities will be built in all 14 states originally considering them. Former NRC Chairman Ivan Selin suggested that the US may only need three or four facilities. Pennsylvania and New Jersey are trying to lure voluntary host communities through direct municipal payments and property tax exemptions. Jeff Schmidt, a Sierra Club lobbyist, says, "There is a risk that you will get a politically acceptable site, but not a technically superior one." Much of the waste could wind up in California, Texas, or Pennsylvania, states which are farthest along in developing sites but are also involved in legal battles. Storage charges could be as high as $500 a cubic foot. (Greenwire 5/9/96) TWO NEW JERSEY MAYORS RILE COUNTY BOARD BY CONSIDERING NUCLEAR WASTE SITING. The Cumberland County Board of Chosen Freeholders says such a facility would be out of line with the county's efforts to protect the environment and improve the quality of life. But Fairfield Township Mayor Viola Thomas and Commercial Township Mayor George Garrison say any venture that could bring revenue into their communities and help keep taxes down is worth checking out. New Jersey's waste is currently shipped to Barnwell, S.C., but that site has an uncertain closure date. The proposed N.J. waste facility would only accept solid waste already secured in containers, which would be encased in concrete vaults on-site. The community that agrees to house it stands to pocket more than $2 million in annual state payments and incentives. (The Press, Atlantic City, NJ 7/6/96) PLOT THICKENS ABOUT PROPOSED WARD VALLEY NUCLEAR WASTE DUMP. S.1596 sponsored by Senators Murkowski (R,AK) and Johnston (D,LA) would transfer Ward Valley, CA from the US Dept. of Interior. Motives are 1) to facilitate burying radioactive waste primarily from the nuclear power industry in soil trenches eighteen miles from the Colorado River and 2) to bail out bankruptcy threatened US Ecology, the company that operated a tritium leaking desert waste dump at Beatty, Nevada, and would operate West Valley. S. 1596 and a House companion bill, HR 3083, are being pushed hard by the nuclear industry. They appear designed to bypass judicial review; exempt the transfer from national environmental and land management laws; and completely ignore Native American rights and other local, regional, statewide and international opposition. California Governor Pete Wilson has requested Congress to take swift action transferring the land. (<nirsnet@pop.igc.apc.org> 7/29/96) TEXAS SIERRANS OPPOSE SIERRA BLANCA WASTE DUMP COMPACT (HR 558/S419). Writing that (1) there is no dump that does not leak eventually, (2) the Rio Grande is 16 miles downgrade and is a critical water source for border cities, (3) the threat of waste leaks may discourage consumers from locally grown farm products, (4) the fact that Sierra Blanca is 67% Hispanic, poor and already stressed by the largest sewage sludge project in the world (sludge from New York city spread on ranchland), and (5) approval "facilitates more generation and burial of long-lasting, biologically active radioactive wastes including Plutonium, Cesium and Strontium from nuclear power plants," Van Perkins, Chair of the Rio Grande Chapter; Neil J. Carman, Clean Air director, Lone Star Chapter, and Ted Mertig for Wesley Leonard, Chair, El Paso Regional Group, asked members of Congress to vote NO on the Compact bill. (May 17 letter to the House of Representatives) SOUTH CAROLINA SIERRA CLUB CHAPTER LOSES LAWSUIT TO CLOSE BARNWELL LLW DUMP. The Chapter asked the South Carolina Supreme Court to declare invalid a provision attached to the 1995 state budget that repealed a law requiring the Barnwell low level waste landfill to close on January 1, 1996, and to remove the state from the Southeast Low Level Radioactive Waste Management Compact. The Chapter argued that the action violated the state constitution requirement that every act relate to only one subject. (Jimmy Chandler, South Carolina Chapter Legal Advisor in the Chapter newsletter, May/June 96) AS OF 8/14/96 INDIA IS STILL HOLDING UP CTB SIGNING BY INSISTING THAT THE three "threshold nations" (India, Pakistan, Israel) ratify the treaty before it can go into effect. [Would Gandhi have approved?] Another of India's concerns--that outlawing nuclear testing will not save us from destruction by the enormous inventory of existing nuclear weapons, has encouraged 28 developing countries to introduce a three-phase program leading to the abolition of the weapons by 2020. Egypt's envoy will ask the UN's Conference on Disarmament to take up discussion of the plan. (NYTimes, 8/10/96) NRDC LEADS MISSION TO CUBA FOR ENERGY POLICY TALKS WITH CASTRO. The mid-February talk, organized jointly with the Boston-based Citizens' Energy Corporation, was intended to investigate Cuba's plans to finish construction of two Soviet designed nuclear reactors at a power plant in Juragua and to explore energy alternatives. The group reported that, contrary to conventional wisdom, Castro is not irrevocably committed to completion of the Juragua plant and is open to non-nuclear forms of energy that could meet Cuba's needs affordably. Plans for continued discussions were put on hold indefinitely after the tragic downing of two U.S. civilian aircraft by Cuban military planes. (The Amicus Journal, Summer '96) JAPANESE VOTERS IN FIRST REFERENDUM EVER REJECT PROPOSAL TO BUILD NUKE POWER PLANT. 88% of voters in the town of Maki turned out to vote. The results are expected to hurt Government and utility plans to build more nuclear power plants to reduce reliance on imported oil and gas. The 49 plants Japan has produce about 30% of the country's electricity. (NYTimes, 9/5/96) PRICE TAG FOR NORTH KOREAN REACTORS: $4.9 BILLION SAYS FOREIGN MINISTER. The cost will be higher than estimated because of infrastructure and other problems in North Korea. The reactors will be built by a U.S. led international consortium under a 1994 deal with the U.S. It requires North Korea to scrap its nuclear program in exchange for two Western-made reactors that will produce far less weapons-grade plutonium and to permit international inspection of its nuclear waste sites. (Tallahassee Democrat, 7/27/96) CHINESE HALT 78 TON RADIOACTIVE SCRAP METAL SHIPMENT FROM U.S. The discovery follows Chinese complaints that foreign companies are trying to dump dangerous medical and industrial wastes in China to avoid the cost of disposing of them at home. The official Xinhua news agency said the shipment arrived from Houston. (Associated Press, 7/3/96) CHINA ORDERS CANADIAN REACTORS FOR POWER PROJECT IN QINSHAN SOUTH OF SHANGHAI. The Chinese will be responsible for construction, while Canada will provide the nuclear steam supply system. Qinshan is also adding two Chinese built reactors to two it already has. The east China region has one of the fastest growth rates in the nation. (NYTimes, 7/15/96) GERMANY, JAPAN FEAR STRENGTHENING I.A.E.A. WILL WEAKEN THEIR NUKE INDUSTRIES. The International Atomic Energy Agency, responsible for guarding against the diversion of nuclear material to bomb-making, wants new powers that would require nuclear installations to provide more detailed reports about domestic nuclear activity and imports and exports of material that can be used to make nuclear weapons. Currently the agency inspectors have authority to inspect only the nuclear plants that a government has declared exist. A senior German diplomat said the expanded powers would give the agency more legal rights to search private property than a German police officer has. (NYTimes 6/4/96) UKRAINE SHIPS OUT LAST LOAD OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND IS FREE OF NUCLEAR ARMS. It gave up the weapons in exchange for promises of nuclear fuel rods from Russia and aid from the United States. US Defense Secretary Perry joined the defense ministers of Russia and Ukraine in planting sunflower seeds on the site of the silos. (NYTimes 6/5/96) RUSSIA TO SUPPLY FRENCH AND GERMAN RESEARCH REACTORS WITH BOMB GRADE URANIUM. The deal foils the goal of the nuclear-safety summit meeting in Moscow to improve controls over Russian nuclear materials. It also circumvents the US embargo on exports of bomb-grade uranium. Since 1978 only Libya and China have broken the taboo against building such reactors. Germany is ignoring American findings that German reactor design can be altered to use non- weapons-grade fuel. The deal undermines American led efforts aimed at eliminating commerce in bomb grade uranium. It is also at cross-purposes with our offer to pay Russia $12 billion for enriched uranium to prevent its being sold elsewhere, and our intention to dilute 500 tons of it into non-weapons- grade fuel for our power reactors. If the U.S. fails to persuade Russia to pull back from its plans, the risks of nuclear theft in Europe will rise and less-reliable nations will be enticed to buy from Russia's stockpile. (Paul Leventhal, president of the Nuclear Control Institute, NYTimes, 6/5/96) RUSSIA MAKING VERY SLOW PROGRESS ON REDUCING RISKS OF DEPENDENCE ON NUCLEAR POWER. Despite the fact that more than 2 million people (living within the 61,000 square mile area of heavy contamination) have suffered from the effects of radiation, the deaths of 32,000 people and a tenfold increase in thyroid cancer among Ukrainian children, none of the fifteen other fundamentally flawed Chernobyl-type reactors has been shut down (except Chernobyl's Reactor 2, closed by fire in 1991). Worldwide almost ninety Soviet-designed reactors are either still in operation or are being built, one under construction in Cuba, less than 100 miles from the United States. The G-7 leaders at the Nuclear Safety Summit in Moscow made no promises of financial aid to help Russia replace its most dangerous reactors or pressed Yeltsin on the dangerous condition of Russia's civilian power plants and its lax plutonium safeguards. Russia's nuclear establishment, employer of more than one million citizens, offered no bold steps to improve nuclear safety or to slow or reverse the expansion of Russian nuclear energy. However, Yeltsin promised to stop ocean dumping of radioactive wastes. A Task Force of international experts on nuclear and energy policy organized by NRDC emphasized to the G-7 leaders and to the press that eliminating the need for reactors by developing more sustainable sources of energy is the way to go. (The Amicus Journal, Summer, 1996) ELEVATED LEUKEMIA RATES FOUND AMONG GREEK CHILDREN EXPOSED TO CHERNOBYL FALLOUT while in the womb. The finding raises questions about the effects of everyday, low-level radiation on early pregnancy. (Tallahassee Democrat 7/25/96) RUSSIANS CHARGE SCIENTIST WITH SMUGGLING NUCLEAR WEAPONS RELATED MATERIALS OUT OF RUSSIA. The ITAR-Tass news agency said the materials were radioactive and could have been used to make nuclear weapons, but an intelligence official said it was not plutonium or uranium "or something like that." Whatever, the materials were banned for export under Russian regulations on dual-purpose materials with potential military uses. (Associated Press, 5/8/96) Up to Top |
